مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال هفتم شماره 5 (پیاپی 29، زمستان 1395)

In recent decades, causes of disability and early deaths have changed from communicable and infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases. Changes in dietary are important factors in transforming disease from communicable to non-communicable. The primary prevention of diseases cloud be possible by changes in dietary habits at childhood. The current study aims to investigate the effects of a nutrition education program on self-efficacy of female students in secondary schools in Shiraz based on Precede Model.
The current study was a semi-experimental and interventional research in which 217 students were selected from female schools of 4 districts in Shiraz using stratified cluster sampling method and randomly categorized into experimental (104 cases) and control groups (105 individuals). A researcher made questionnaire was used as a research tool and filled out as self-played. Cronbach`s α coefficient for self efficacy was 0.80. Data were collected before and after intervention for both groups using the mentioned questionnaire. The educational intervention was performed for experimental group as lecture, discussion in small groups, pamphlet, training brochure and question and answer. Data were analyzed by repeated measures, paired t.test using SPSS version 18 software.
The average changes of self efficacy (p The success in this study has shown that training intervention based on PERCEDE model has improved efficiency of nutritional behavior of students. Accordingly, use of this model is appropriate for designing preventive training interventions.

Background and & Chlorophenols are classified as non-biodegradable hazardous materials. Therefore, the purpose of this study was investigation of electro-Fenton and UV/TiO2 processes efficiencies in removal of para-chlorophenol from aqueous solution.
In this experimental study a cylindrical glass equipped with 2 iron electrodes with total effective surface area of 50 cm2, as a electro-Fenton reactor, and a quartz cylindrical reactor with a volume of 190 ml equipped with 2 UVA lamps (6watt), as a photocatalysis reactor, were used to remove para-chlorophenol. The operating parameters of electro-Fenton process such as initial para-chlorophenol concentration, pH, H2O2 concentration and current density were investigated. Then obtained effluent was introduced to UV/TiO2 process and operating parameters such as TiO2 dosage and pH were examined.
The results showed that para-chlorophenol removal efficiency of 65% was achieved in pH=3, H2O2=5 mM, current density=3 mA/cm2, and reaction time of 45 min. In combination of electro-Fenton and UV/TiO2 (pH=5.8 and TiO2=1.5 g/L) processes the removal efficiency of 97% was attained.
The results revealed that combination of electro-Fenton and UV/TiO2 processes is an efficient method to remove para-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions.

Sludge treatment and dewatering processes in wastewater treatment plants are one of the most important challenges for professionals and officials. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low wavelength and high energy ultrasonic waves to improve sludge dewatering properties and the optimum operating parameters of the ultrasonic method.
In this research variables include ultrasound density (0.375, 0.75, 1, 1.3 and 2.5w/m), time (1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min), and amount of sonificated sludge (10, 15, 20, 50 and 100%). In this research effect of the variables on capillary suction time (CST) and sludge dewatering capacity were studied.
The experiments determined that the optimum operating parameters as; sonification time=5 minutes, ultrasound density=1 W/ml, and amount of sonificated sludge equal to 15% at frequency of 20 kHz. Under these conditions CST was measured as 86 seconds.
Based on the results of this research, ultrasound waves could improve sludge dewatering process and can increase the treatment rate.

Considering the importance of oral health in complete denture-wearers, the present study aimed to evaluate denture hygiene in complete denture wearers referred to department of prosthodontics, Yazd Dental School in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, health behaviors of 140 complete denture-wearing patients who referred to the department of prosthodontics, Shahid Sadoughi dental school were evaluated using a questionnaire containing 11 questions related to dentures hygiene. To each question with correct answer, 2 points were assigned and total correct answers were considered as individuals performance score. Data were analyzed by T-test at significance level of 5% using SPSS ver.16.
64 (45.7%) men and 76 (54.3%) women with a mean age of 22.52±3.44 were evaluated in present study. Average health behavior score was 12.70±2.81 (6 to 18). There was no statistical relationship between score of health behavior and age (p=0.326), gender (p=0.914) and duration of complete denture wearing (p=0.645).
Based on our findings patients’ dental health behavior was "average". Therefore, to enhance the patient's health habits and behaviors, it is necessary students to teach healthy behavior to the patients.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste is known as an environmental pollutant which requires appropriate management. Determination of quality and quantity of the generated waste in each city and region is one of the basic requirements for the design and implementation of a proper management action. The aims of present study were to estimate appropriate management scenarios in small cities, to determine solid waste management status and quality and quantity of generated wastes.
This research was a cross-sectional study. To determine the current status of the municipal solid waste management, field survey was performed from generation steps, storage, collection, transportation, and disposal of solid wastes and the necessary information was collected and documented. Also, solid waste status from quality and quantity point of view, average daily production, per capita generation, specific weight, moisture content, chemical and physical component and energy content were determined. This study was conducted for one year (2012-2013) in Khosrowshah, East Azarbaijan.
Quantitative results showed that on average 11.60 tons of waste was generated daily and the average of waste generation rate was 0.688 kg capita-1 day-1. Physical analysis demonstrated the highest fraction to be food waste with 55.41 percent followed by plastic with 13.94 percent. Also the results showed that more than 32% of generated waste was recyclable.
Since a significant part of the generated waste are recyclable, implementing proper management action will reduce landfill required for disposal of wastes in Khosrowshah. Moreover, a considerable portion of the waste is compostable which may reduce more than 50 percent in the wastes arrived for landfilling. However, the composition of the waste was not suitable for burning and energy recovery.

In present study modification of carbon nanotube in order to increase its absorption capacity to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions in a batch system was investigated.
Carbon nanotube was modified by linear aliphatic polymers with amino groups. Its chemical properties were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and Acid blue 1 (AB 1) dye was selected as a model. The effects of parameters on the adsorption process such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and the effect of inorganic salts were also studied. In order to understand the adsorption process, Longmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo first order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied for data evaluation.
Result showed that the adsorption equilibrium for AB 1 was best described by Langmuir (R2=0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2=0.99) models. Results also showed that modified nanotube for dye concentration of 100 mg/l has a maximum adsorption capacity of 700 mg/g. The adsorbent had the maximum efficiency in pH=2. Adsorption percentage was increased with increasing adsorbent dose and decreased with increasing initial concentration of AB1. Adding mineral salts slightly decreased adsorption efficiency.
It is concluded that modified carbon nanotube can be used as an effective adsorbent for removal of dyes form colored effluents.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Iran and worldwide. According to statistics, skin cancer is more prevalent in Ilam. The purpose of this study was to predict the skin cancer and sunlight preventive behaviors in farmers of the Ilam County by using the protection motivation theory in 2013.
In a cross-sectional study samples were collected by multistage random sampling method. The required data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire from 248 farmers in rural areas of Ilam city in May 2013. The questions were based on demographic variables, protection motivation theory and skin cancer preventive behaviors. Data analysis was done by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software version 16 .
Correlation coefficient showed that skin cancer preventive behaviors positively correlated with perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy and negatively correlated with internal and external rewards and response costs. The protection motivation theory structures predicted 73 percent of the variance for protection motivation. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for motivation protection (β=0.420). Protection motivation was predicted 77 percent of the variance for skin cancer preventive behaviors.
According to the obtained results, protection motivation theory is an appropriate framework for designing and implementation of educational interventions. Since, self-efficacy was strongest predictor for motivation protection; therefore, use of this framework is recommended for similar studies.

Pap smear test is an effective screening method for diagnosis of cervical cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of individual and group trainings based on Health Belief Model on belief and practice of Bushehr women regarding Pap smear test.
This controlled clinical trial study was performed on 150 women in three groups of; Individual training, group training, and control group. The group training was performed in two sessions and personal training in one session. Three groups received a training booklet on the first visit. Data were collected by a Questionnaire which was completed by three groups before training, one week, and three months after the training course. Pap smear performance was evaluated at the beginning and three months later the intervention among three groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using appropriate statistical tests.
Before the study, three groups had no significant differences on all demographic variables and mean score of knowledge and all the constructs. The mean of knowledge (p Education based on Health Belief Model to both individuals and groups training is effective to encourage women to do Pap test. With regard to cost- effectiveness, implementation of group training seems to be more appropriate.

The cigarette and water pipe smoking is a public health problem. Many studies have been performed on prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and its related factors. But in few studies the frequency and causes of tendency to cigarette and water pipe smoking among physical education students have been discussed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and causes of tendency to cigarette and water pipe smoking in male and female physical education students in University of Kurdistan.
This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done on physical education students of the University of Kurdistan (128 male and 160 female) by standard questionnaire of PDUQ (Prevalence of Drug Use Questionnaire) using stratified random sampling method in 2013-2014 academic year. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics including Kolmogorov–Smirnov and T tests at significance level of p Results showed that the respective rates of cigarette and water pipe consumption were 25 and 17.2 % for male and 11.25 and 7.5% for female students. In addition cigarette and water pipe smoking rates were significantly higher in male than female students (p The most important causes of proneness to cigarette and water pipe smoking in male and female students were identified as sincerely relationships with friends who were smoker and recreation and fun, respectively. Therefore, implementing educational programs and scientific field visits at university level seems necessary in order to prevent cigarette and water pipe smoking.

Regional planning requires identification of the development status of regions relative to each other. One of the indicators of development is health indicator that describes utilization of health services in the society. The purpose of this study is to analyze health indicators status in Ardabil province and prioritize them for future planning.
Based on practical objectives this is a descriptive and analytical study. Data related to the indices (institutional, human resources and rural health) were collected from 2011 statistics report published by Iran’s Statistical Center. Excel and SPSS software were used to analyze data. The indicators were weighted using Entropy method and ranked using VIKIOR technique. The status of the development of each county was determined using cluster analysis method and they were finally mapped using ArcGIS for visualization purposes.
Based on health indicators the results showed that Ardabil County has the first rank and Sarein County with the least score has the last rank.
The results showed that most cities of Ardabil are relatively poor or very poor and in terms of health status indicators they are unstable. Distance from the political and management centers is the main cause of these situations. It is suggested that the development-based planning should be implemented according to the development levels of these counties.